Growth Modeling

1. Overview, Goals of Longitudinal Research, and Historical Developments

Overview

Five Rationales for Longitudinal Research

Historical Development of Growth Models

Modeling Frameworks and Programs

2. Practical Preliminaries: Things to Do before Fitting Growth Models

Data Structures

Longitudinal Plots

Data Screening

Longitudinal Measurement

Time Metrics

Change Hypotheses

Incomplete Data

Moving Forward

II. The Linear Growth Model and Its Extensions

3. Linear Growth Models

Multilevel Modeling Framework

Multilevel Modeling Implementation

Structural Equation Modeling Framework

Structural Equation Modeling Implementation

Important Considerations

Moving Forward

4. Continuous Time Metrics

Multilevel Modeling Framework

Multilevel Modeling Implementation

Structural Equation Modeling Framework

Structural Equation Modeling Implementation

Important Considerations

Moving Forward

5. Linear Growth Models with Time-Invariant Covariates

Multilevel Model Framework

Multilevel Modeling Implementation

Structural Equation Modeling Framework

Structural Equation Modeling Implementation

Important Considerations

Moving Forward

6. Multiple-Group Growth Modeling

Multilevel Modeling Framework

Multilevel Modeling Implementation

Structural Equation Modeling Framework

Structural Equation Modeling Implementation

Important Considerations

Moving Forward

7. Growth Mixture Modeling

Multilevel Modeling Framework

Multilevel Modeling Implementation

Structural Equation Modeling Framework

Structural Equation Modeling Implementation

Model Fit, Model Comparison, and Class Enumeration

Important Considerations

Moving Forward

8. Multivariate Growth Models and Dynamic Predictors

Multilevel Modeling Framework

Multilevel Modeling Implementation

Structural Equation Modeling Framework

Structural Equation Modeling Implementation

Important Considerations

Moving Forward

III. Nonlinearity in Growth Modeling

9. Introduction to Nonlinearity

Organization for Nonlinear Change Models

Moving Forward

10. Growth Models with Nonlinearity in Time

Multilevel Modeling Framework

Multilevel Modeling Implementation

Structural Equation Modeling Framework

Structural Equation Modeling Implementation

Important Considerations

Moving Forward

11. Growth Models with Nonlinearity in Parameters

Multilevel Modeling Framework

Multilevel Modeling Implementation

Structural Equation Modeling Framework

Structural Equation Modeling Implementation

Important Considerations

Moving Forward

12. Growth Models with Nonlinearity in Random Coefficients

Multilevel Modeling Framework

Multilevel Modeling Implementation

Structural Equation Modeling Framework

Structural Equation Modeling Implementation

Important Considerations

Moving Forward

IV. Modeling Change with Latent Entities

13. Modeling Change with Ordinal Outcomes

Dichotomous Outcomes

Polytomous Outcomes

Illustration

Multilevel Modeling Implementation

Structural Equation Modeling Implementation

Important Considerations

Moving Forward

14. Modeling Change with Latent Variables Measured by Continuous Indicators

Common-Factor Model

Factorial Invariance over Time

Second-Order Growth Model

Illustration

Structural Equation Modeling Implementation

Important Considerations

Moving Forward

15. Modeling Change with Latent Variables Measured by Ordinal Indicators

Item Response Modeling

Second-Order Growth Model

Illustration

Important Considerations

Moving Forward

V. Latent Change Scores as a Framework for Studying Change

16. Introduction to Latent Change Score Modeling

General Model Specification

Models of Change

Illustration

Structural Equation Modeling Implementation

Important Considerations

Moving Forward

17. Multivariate Latent Change Score Models

Autoregressive Cross-Lag Model

Multivariate Growth Model

Multivariate Latent Change Score Model

Illustration

Structural Equation Modeling Implementation

Important Considerations

Moving Forward

18. Rate-of-Change Estimates in Nonlinear Growth Models

Growth Rate Models

Latent Change Score Models

Illustration

Multilevel Modeling Implementation

Structural Equation Modeling Implementation

Important Considerations

Appendix A. A Brief Introduction to Multilevel Modeling

Illustrative Example

Multilevel Modeling and Longitudinal Data

Appendix B. A Brief Introduction to Structural Equation Modeling

Illustrative Example

Structural Equation Modeling and Longitudinal Data

References

Author Index

Subject Index

About the Authors