1. Searching for Answers to the Why and How of Struggling Readers

2. Introduction to Benchmark's Interactive Learning Model and Person Variables

3. Exploring the Strengths and Challenges of Struggling Readers: Personality, Temperament, Emotion, Motivation, and Volition

4. Exploring the Strengths and Challenges of Struggling Readers: Intelligence, Physical Development, and Health

II. Context and Theories of Learning

5. The Context for Learning: Teacher Knowledge, Classroom Culture, and Instruction

6. The Context for Learning: Sociocultural, Task, and Text Variables

7. Learning Principles about the Interaction of Variables, Explicit Instruction, and Social Activity

8. Learning Principles That Guide Instruction: Developmental, Motivational, and Accountability Issues

9. Learning Principles to Share with Students

III. Classroom Implementation

10. Strategies for Reading Words: Teaching Phonemic Awareness, Decoding, and Fluency

11. Activities That Reinforce Word Detective Practices

12. Comprehension Strategies

13. Explicit Explanations of Comprehension Strategies for Grades 1-8

14. Rationale for Teaching Concepts, Essential Understandings, and Knowledge Structures

Afterword: Five Major Insights from 45 Years of Teaching Struggling Readers