The Scientific Attitude

2. MAKING OBSERVATIONS. Observing Cells. Analyzing the Cell

Concept. Learning to See Cells. The Cell Gestalt. The

Concept of Life. The Impartiality of Science.

3. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AND INTERPRETATION. Choosing Problems

for Study. Hypotheses and Expectations. The Assumption of

Reproducibility. Seeing Data According to Different

Gestalts. Luck in Science. Explicit and Implicit

Hypotheses. Development of Hypotheses. Structure, Function,

and Organization in Biology.

4. SCIENTIFIC COLLECTIVES: TRANSMISSION OF THE THOUGHT STYLE.

Thought Collectives and Intersubjectivity. Acceptance of

New Discoveries by the Thought Collective. Structure of

Graduate Programs. The Reputation of Graduate Programs.

Graduate Courses and Exams. Thesis Advisors. Structure of

Individual Laboratories. Expanding the Laboratory Thought

Style. The Ph.D. Thesis.

5. SCIENTIFIC COLLECTIVES: MAINTAINING THE THOUGHT STYLE.

Evaluating Prospective Faculty Members. Research Papers.

Research Papers Other Than Formal Papers. Research Funding.

Setting the Agenda for Future Research. The Scientific

Establishment.

6. SCIENTIFIC MISCONDUCT: SCIENCE AT RISK. The Meaning of

Scientific Misconduct. Biological Activity of an Infinitely

Diluted Solution: A Study in Controversy. Error vs.

Fraud—Part I: The Baltimore Case. Error vs. Fraud—

Part II: Why Are They Linked Together? Auditing the

Scientific Literature. The Integrity of Science. Secrecy

and Sharing Research Data and Materials. Conflict of

Interest.

7. SCIENCE AND THE WORLD. The Origins of Science in Everyday

Life Experience. Life Experience Beyond Science. Science

and Religion. Science and Ethics. Scientists as People. The

Influence of Politics on Science.

8. CONCLUDING COMMENTS.