Understanding Struggling Readers

A Stage Perspective

Three Struggling Readers

Assessment and Instruction

Design of This Volume

Section 1. Decoding Strategies

Guiding Principles of Teaching Decoding

Phonics in the Upper Grades

Tape-Recorded Text

Electronic Books

Section 2. Fluency Strategies

Guiding Principles of Teaching Fluency

Effective Fluency Methods

Classwide Peer Tutoring

Self-Selected Reading

Section 3. Vocabulary Strategies

Guiding Principles of Teaching Vocabulary

Feature Analysis

Graphic Organizers Semantic Maps

Vocabulary Venns

Semantic Scales

List\n-Group\n-Label

Concept Sorts

Vocabulary Clusters

Silly Questions

Possible Sentences

Section 4. Comprehension Lesson Formats

Guiding Principles of Teaching Reading Comprehension

Directed Reading Activity

Directed Reading\n-Thinking Activity

K-W-L

Listen\n-Read\n-Discuss

Section 5. Questioning Strategies

Levels of Questions

Question\n-Answer Relationships

Between the Lines (Inferential Reproducibles)

Question Clusters

Reciprocal Questioning

Questioning the Author

Section 6. Other Comprehension Strategies

Specific Skill Approaches

Walk-Throughs

Think-Alouds

Imaging

Teaching with Analogies

Charting New Territory

Guiding Notes

Reading Guides

Anticipation Guides

Reciprocal Teaching

Guided Reading in Textual Settings

Summary Writing

Cloze Venns

Riddles

Puzzlers

20 More Ideas for Inferential Comprehension

Section 7. Suggested Professional Resources

Index